Question 1
When Europeans first explored Canada, who already occupied all regions of the land?
○ British settlers
○ French settlers
➡️ Aboriginal peoples (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Loyalists
Question 2
Why did early European explorers call the native peoples "Indians"?
○ Because they came from India
➡️ Because they believed they had reached the East Indies (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Because the Aboriginal peoples used the name themselves
○ Because they spoke Indian languages
Question 3
Which Aboriginal people of the Great Lakes region were known as both farmers and hunters?
○ Inuit
○ Cree and Dene
○ Sioux
➡️ Huron-Wendat and Iroquois (✅ Correct Answer)
Question 4
Which Aboriginal peoples of the Northwest were primarily hunter-gatherers?
➡️ Cree and Dene (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Inuit
○ Huron-Wendat
○ Iroquois
Question 5
Which Aboriginal group followed the buffalo herds on the Prairies?
○ Inuit
➡️ Sioux (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Huron-Wendat
○ Algonquin
Question 6
What was a common method used by West Coast Aboriginal peoples to preserve fish?
○ Freezing
○ Salting only
➡️ Drying and smoking (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Boiling and storing
Question 7
Which Europeans reached Labrador and the island of Newfoundland about 1,000 years ago?
○ French explorers
○ British explorers
➡️ Vikings from Iceland (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Spanish explorers
Question 8
What is the name of the Viking settlement remains in Newfoundland that is now a World Heritage Site?
○ Port Royal
○ Fort Garry
○ Louisbourg
➡️ L’Anse aux Meadows (✅ Correct Answer)
Question 9
Which explorer's 1497 expedition marked the beginning of serious European exploration of Canada?
○ Jacques Cartier
○ Samuel de Champlain
➡️ John Cabot (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Pierre de Monts
Question 10
What important achievement is John Cabot known for in Canadian history?
○ Founding Quebec City
○ Discovering the Pacific Ocean
➡️ Drawing the first map of Canada's East Coast (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Building the first railway
Question 11
Which French explorer claimed Canada for France in 1534?
○ John Cabot
○ Samuel de Champlain
➡️ Jacques Cartier (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Pierre Radisson
Question 12
What name did Jacques Cartier give to the territory he explored along the St. Lawrence River?
○ Acadia
➡️ New France (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Rupert's Land
○ Upper Canada
Question 13
What is believed to be the origin of the name "Canada"?
○ A French word meaning colony
○ An English word meaning territory
➡️ The Huron-Iroquois word "kanata," meaning village (✅ Correct Answer)
○ A Latin word meaning land
Question 14
Who founded Quebec City in 1608?
○ Jacques Cartier
➡️ Samuel de Champlain (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Jean Talon
○ Louis Hébert
Question 15
Samuel de Champlain is known as:
○ The Father of Confederation
➡️ The Father of New France (✅ Correct Answer)
○ The Father of Responsible Government
○ The Father of Manitoba
Question 16
What was the main economic activity of New France during its early years?
○ Gold mining
○ Wheat farming
➡️ Fur trading (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Manufacturing
Question 17
Which group became important allies of the French in the fur trade?
○ Vikings
➡️ Aboriginal peoples (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Loyalists
○ British settlers
Question 18
Which city became the capital of New France?
○ Montreal
○ Halifax
➡️ Quebec City (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Toronto
Question 19
In 1663, New France became:
○ An independent country
○ A British colony
➡️ A royal colony governed directly by the King of France (✅ Correct Answer)
○ A province of Quebec
Question 20
Which French king made New France a royal colony in 1663?
➡️ King Louis XIV (✅ Correct Answer)
○ King Henry IV
○ King Louis XVI
○ King Francis I
Question 21
Which European power eventually defeated France and gained control of New France?
○ Spain
○ Portugal
➡️ Britain (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Netherlands
Question 22
What was the name of the decisive battle fought in 1759 near Quebec City?
○ Battle of York
➡️ Battle of the Plains of Abraham (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Battle of Chateauguay
○ Battle of Lundy's Lane
Question 23
Which British general led the forces that captured Quebec in 1759?
○ Isaac Brock
➡️ James Wolfe (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Guy Carleton
○ John A. Macdonald
Question 24
Which French general defended Quebec during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham?
○ Louis Riel
○ Samuel de Champlain
➡️ Marquis de Montcalm (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Jean Talon
Question 25
Which treaty officially ended the Seven Years' War in 1763?
➡️ Treaty of Paris (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Treaty of Utrecht
○ Treaty of Versailles
○ Treaty of London
Question 26
After the Treaty of Paris (1763), New France became:
○ An independent country
➡️ A British colony (✅ Correct Answer)
○ A French province
○ A territory of the United States
Question 27
What was the purpose of the Quebec Act of 1774?
○ To abolish French language rights
➡️ To recognize the rights of French-speaking Catholics in Quebec (✅ Correct Answer)
○ To create the province of Ontario
○ To establish responsible government
Question 28
The Quebec Act of 1774 allowed French Canadians to:
➡️ Keep their language, religion, and civil law (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Vote in federal elections
○ Create an independent country
○ Join the American Revolution
Question 29
Who were the United Empire Loyalists?
○ French settlers who returned to France
○ Aboriginal warriors who fought for Britain
➡️ Settlers who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolution (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Soldiers from Spain who settled in Canada
Question 30
Why did many United Empire Loyalists come to Canada?
○ They were looking for gold
○ They opposed British rule
➡️ They fled the American Revolution because they remained loyal to the Crown (✅ Correct Answer)
○ They were sent by France to settle Canada
Question 31
Which event led to the arrival of many United Empire Loyalists in Canada?
○ The War of 1812
➡️ The American Revolution (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Confederation
○ The First World War
Question 32
What was one important result of the arrival of the Loyalists?
➡️ The creation of Upper Canada (Ontario) and New Brunswick (✅ Correct Answer)
○ The creation of Nunavut
○ The abolition of slavery
○ Confederation
Question 33
Which group was among the Loyalists who settled in Canada after the American Revolution?
➡️ Black Loyalists (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Vikings
○ Métis
○ Inuit
Question 34
What was the first step toward democratic government in Canada?
○ Confederation
➡️ Electing representatives to legislative assemblies (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Responsible government
○ Women's suffrage
Question 35
What does "responsible government" mean?
○ The Governor General makes all decisions alone
➡️ The government must have the support of the elected assembly to govern (✅ Correct Answer)
○ The King directly controls Parliament
○ Provinces govern independently from Parliament
Question 36
Who played a major role in achieving responsible government in Canada?
○ Samuel de Champlain
➡️ Robert Baldwin and Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Jacques Cartier
○ John Cabot
Question 37
Slavery was officially abolished throughout the British Empire in:
○ 1774
○ 1812
➡️ 1833 (✅ Correct Answer)
○ 1867
Question 38
Which group helped escaped slaves reach freedom in British North America?
○ The Fur Traders
➡️ The Underground Railroad (✅ Correct Answer)
○ The Loyalists
○ The RCMP
Question 39
What was the War of 1812 fought between?
○ Britain and France
○ Canada and France
➡️ Britain, Canada, and the United States (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Canada and Mexico
Question 40
Why is the War of 1812 important in Canadian history?
○ It led to Confederation immediately
➡️ It helped defend Canada against American invasion and strengthened Canadian identity (✅ Correct Answer)
○ It created the province of Quebec
○ It ended British rule in Canada
Question 41
Who was the British military leader who became a Canadian hero during the War of 1812?
○ James Wolfe
➡️ Isaac Brock (✅ Correct Answer)
○ John A. Macdonald
○ Samuel de Champlain
Question 42
Which Indigenous leader allied with the British during the War of 1812?
○ Louis Riel
○ Big Bear
➡️ Tecumseh (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Poundmaker
Question 43
What was the outcome of the War of 1812?
○ Canada became part of the United States
○ Britain lost all of Canada
➡️ Canada successfully resisted American invasion (✅ Correct Answer)
○ France regained New France
Question 44
What were the Rebellions of 1837–1838 mainly about?
➡️ Independence from Britain and political reform (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Religious freedom
○ The fur trade
○ Immigration policies
Question 45
Which report recommended the introduction of responsible government in Canada?
➡️ Durham Report (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Royal Commission Report
○ Quebec Report
○ Confederation Report
Question 46
What is considered one of Canada's most important democratic achievements?
○ The fur trade
➡️ Responsible government (✅ Correct Answer)
○ The War of 1812
○ The Quebec Act
Question 47
In what year was Confederation established?
○ 1759
○ 1812
➡️ 1867 (✅ Correct Answer)
○ 1914
Question 48
Which four provinces formed Confederation in 1867?
➡️ Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Ontario, Manitoba, Alberta, and Saskatchewan
○ Quebec, Newfoundland, Ontario, and British Columbia
○ Ontario, Quebec, Alberta, and Nova Scotia
Question 49
What is Confederation?
○ Canada's independence from Britain
➡️ The joining of provinces to create the Dominion of Canada (✅ Correct Answer)
○ The abolition of slavery
○ The creation of responsible government
Question 50
Who became Canada's first Prime Minister in 1867?
○ Alexander Mackenzie
○ Louis Riel
➡️ Sir John A. Macdonald (✅ Correct Answer)
○ George-Étienne Cartier
Source: Chapter 3 Review file.
Question 51
Which Prime Minister is known as the "Father of Confederation"?
○ Alexander Mackenzie
➡️ Sir John A. Macdonald (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Wilfrid Laurier
○ Robert Borden
Question 52
What was one of Sir John A. Macdonald's greatest achievements?
○ Creating the Charter of Rights and Freedoms
➡️ Building the Canadian Pacific Railway (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Establishing Nunavut
○ Introducing universal healthcare
Question 53
Why was the Canadian Pacific Railway important?
➡️ It connected Canada from coast to coast (✅ Correct Answer)
○ It connected Canada to Europe
○ It replaced all waterways
○ It created Confederation
Question 54
Which province joined Confederation in 1871 after receiving a promise of a railway?
○ Manitoba
○ Alberta
➡️ British Columbia (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Saskatchewan
Question 55
Who was the Métis leader who fought to protect the rights of his people?
○ Tecumseh
➡️ Louis Riel (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Isaac Brock
○ John Cabot
Question 56
Which province was created in 1870 partly as a result of Louis Riel's efforts?
○ Ontario
○ Quebec
➡️ Manitoba (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Alberta
Question 57
○ Louis Riel led the:
○ War of 1812
➡️ Red River Resistance (✅ Correct Answer)
○ American Revolution
○ Battle of the Plains of Abraham
Question 58
What was the original name of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)?
○ Canadian Rangers
○ Royal Northwest Police
➡️ North-West Mounted Police (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Dominion Police
Question 59
Why was the North-West Mounted Police created?
○ To explore the Arctic
➡️ To maintain law and order in the West (✅ Correct Answer)
○ To build railways
○ To govern Quebec
Question 60
Which national police force evolved from the North-West Mounted Police?
○ Ontario Provincial Police
○ Canadian Security Intelligence Service
➡️ Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Canadian Armed Forces
Question 61
Why did the Canadian government encourage immigration to the Prairies?
○ To increase trade with Europe
➡️ To settle and develop Western Canada (✅ Correct Answer)
○ To build cities in the Arctic
○ To support the fur trade
Question 62
Which Minister of the Interior promoted immigration to Western Canada?
○ Louis Riel
➡️ Clifford Sifton (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Robert Borden
○ Wilfrid Laurier
Question 63
Which Prime Minister led Canada during a period of rapid growth before the First World War?
○ Sir John A. Macdonald
○ Alexander Mackenzie
➡️ Sir Wilfrid Laurier (✅ Correct Answer)
○ John Diefenbaker
Question 64
In what year did Alberta and Saskatchewan become provinces?
○ 1867
○ 1871
➡️ 1905 (✅ Correct Answer)
○ 1914
Question 65
When did the First World War begin?
○ 1905
➡️ 1914 (✅ Correct Answer)
○ 1918
○ 1939
Question 66
More than how many Canadians served in the First World War?
○ 100,000
○ 250,000
➡️ 600,000 (✅ Correct Answer)
○ 1,000,000
Question 67
Which battle in 1917 became one of Canada's most important military victories?
○ Battle of the Plains of Abraham
➡️ Battle of Vimy Ridge (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Battle of York
○ Battle of Chateauguay
Question 68
Approximately how many Canadians lost their lives during the First World War?
○ 10,000
○ 25,000
➡️ 60,000 (✅ Correct Answer)
○ 100,000
Question 69
In what year did most Canadian women gain the right to vote in federal elections?
○ 1867
○ 1905
➡️ 1918 (✅ Correct Answer)
○ 1945
Question 70
What does Remembrance Day commemorate?
○ Confederation
○ The signing of the Charter
➡️ The sacrifices of Canadians who served and died in wars (✅ Correct Answer)
○ The founding of Quebec City
Question 71
What economic hardship affected Canada and much of the world during the 1930s?
○ The War of 1812
➡️ The Great Depression (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Confederation
○ The Quiet Revolution
Question 72
During the Great Depression, many Canadians experienced:
○ Economic prosperity
○ High employment rates
➡️ Unemployment and poverty (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Free land grants
Question 73
When did the Second World War begin?
○ 1914
○ 1918
➡️ 1939 (✅ Correct Answer)
○ 1945
Question 74
Which political leader served as Prime Minister during most of the Second World War?
○ Sir Wilfrid Laurier
➡️ William Lyon Mackenzie King (✅ Correct Answer)
○ John Diefenbaker
○ Sir John A. Macdonald
Question 75
More than how many Canadians served in the Second World War?
○ 250,000
○ 500,000
➡️ One million (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Two million
Question 76
What was the codename for the Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe on June 6, 1944?
○ Operation Torch
➡️ D-Day (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Operation Market Garden
○ Battle of Britain
Question 77
On D-Day, Canadian forces landed on which beach?
○ Omaha Beach
○ Gold Beach
○ Sword Beach
➡️ Juno Beach (✅ Correct Answer)
Question 78
Why is Juno Beach important to Canadians?
○ It was the site of Confederation
➡️ Canadian soldiers played a major role in the D-Day invasion there (✅ Correct Answer)
○ It was where the RCMP was founded
○ It was the first settlement in Canada
Question 79
What was one result of Canada's participation in the two World Wars?
➡️ Canada became more recognized internationally as an independent nation (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Canada lost its provinces
○ Canada became part of the United States
○ Canada ended democracy
Question 80
Which statement best summarizes Chapter 3 – Canada's History?
➡️ Canada's history has been shaped by Aboriginal peoples, explorers, settlers, democratic development, Confederation, and military service (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Canada's history began in 1867
○ Canada's history is based only on immigration
○ Canada's history is based only on British rule
Question 81
Which Canadian military victory in the First World War is often considered a defining moment in Canadian history?
○ Battle of York
➡️ Battle of Vimy Ridge (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Battle of Quebec
○ Battle of Lundy's Lane
Question 82
What symbol is worn on Remembrance Day to honour fallen soldiers and veterans?
○ Maple Leaf
○ Beaver
➡️ Poppy (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Fleur-de-lis
Question 83
Remembrance Day is observed each year on:
○ July 1
➡️ November 11 (✅ Correct Answer)
○ December 25
○ October 31
Question 84
What phrase is commonly associated with Remembrance Day ceremonies?
○ God Save the King
➡️ We Remember (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Peace, Order and Good Government
○ Strong and Free
Question 85
During the Second World War, Canadian soldiers fought to defend:
➡️ Democracy and freedom (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Colonial rule
○ The fur trade
○ Provincial governments
Question 86
Which country did Canada declare war on in September 1939?
○ Italy
○ Japan
➡️ Germany (✅ Correct Answer)
○ France
Question 87
Why is June 6, 1944, significant in Canadian military history?
○ Confederation was signed
➡️ Canadian troops participated in D-Day (✅ Correct Answer)
○ The RCMP was founded
○ Alberta became a province
Question 88
Which statement best describes Canada's role in the two World Wars?
○ Canada remained neutral in both wars
➡️ Canada made significant military contributions and sacrifices (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Canada fought only in Europe during the First World War
○ Canada did not send troops overseas
Question 89
Canada's participation in major world events helped it become:
○ More isolated from the world
➡️ A respected and independent nation on the world stage (✅ Correct Answer)
○ A colony of another country
○ Less influential internationally
Question 90
Which statement best reflects the importance of studying Canada's history?
➡️ It helps Canadians understand the people, events, and values that shaped the country (✅ Correct Answer)
○ It is only important for historians
○ It focuses only on wars and battles
○ It is unrelated to citizenship
Question 91
Which event is remembered each year on November 11 in Canada?
○ Canada Day
○ Victoria Day
➡️ Remembrance Day (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Labour Day
Question 92
What is the significance of the red poppy worn by Canadians in November?
○ It represents Canadian agriculture
➡️ It honours veterans and those who died in military service (✅ Correct Answer)
○ It symbolizes Confederation
○ It represents immigration
Question 93
Which Canadian military action on D-Day helped liberate Europe from Nazi occupation?
○ Battle of Vimy Ridge
➡️ Landing at Juno Beach (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Battle of the Plains of Abraham
○ Battle of York
Question 94
What was one major result of the Second World War for Canada?
➡️ Canada became a more influential nation internationally (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Canada lost its independence
○ Canada became part of Britain again
○ Canada stopped participating in world affairs
Question 95
Which group has played an important role throughout Canada's history, from the earliest times to the present?
➡️ Aboriginal peoples (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Vikings only
○ Loyalists only
○ Fur traders only
Question 96
Which explorer founded Quebec City and helped establish New France?
○ John Cabot
○ Jacques Cartier
➡️ Samuel de Champlain (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Louis Riel
Question 97
Which Canadian leader is known as the Father of Confederation?
○ Sir Wilfrid Laurier
○ William Lyon Mackenzie King
➡️ Sir John A. Macdonald (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Robert Borden
Question 98
Which Métis leader is considered a founder of Manitoba?
○ Tecumseh
○ Isaac Brock
➡️ Louis Riel (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Clifford Sifton
Question 99
Which national police force traces its origins to the North-West Mounted Police?
○ Ontario Provincial Police
➡️ Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Canadian Security Intelligence Service
○ Canadian Rangers
Question 100
Which statement best summarizes Chapter 3 – Canada's History?
➡️ Canada's history is shaped by Aboriginal peoples, exploration, settlement, democratic development, Confederation, westward expansion, and military service (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Canada's history began with Confederation in 1867
○ Canada's history is based only on British rule
○ Canada's history is based only on immigration
Question 101
Who were the Acadians?
○ British settlers in Ontario
➡️ French settlers who established communities in Atlantic Canada (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Aboriginal peoples of the Prairies
○ Loyalists from the United States
Question 102
What happened to many Acadians during the Deportation of 1755?
○ They moved voluntarily to Quebec
➡️ They were deported from their lands by the British (✅ Correct Answer)
○ They joined the American Revolution
○ They moved to British Columbia
Question 103
Which Father of Confederation helped protect the rights of French-speaking Canadians?
○ Sir John A. Macdonald
➡️ George-Étienne Cartier (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Robert Borden
○ Alexander Mackenzie
Question 104
George-Étienne Cartier played an important role in:
○ Building the RCMP
➡️ Creating Confederation and preserving French-Canadian rights (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Leading the War of 1812
○ Founding Newfoundland
Question 105
What was the "Last Spike" in Canadian history?
➡️ The final spike driven to complete the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1885 (✅ Correct Answer)
○ The first railway built in Canada
○ A military monument from World War I
○ A settlement established by the Vikings
Question 106
Why was the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway important?
➡️ It connected Canada from coast to coast and strengthened national unity (✅ Correct Answer)
○ It connected Canada to Europe
○ It replaced all roads in Canada
○ It ended Confederation
Question 107
Who were the Famous Five?
○ Five Fathers of Confederation
➡️ Five women who fought for women's legal rights in Canada (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Five military heroes of World War I
○ Five premiers who created Confederation
Question 108
What important achievement is associated with the Famous Five?
○ Building the railway
○ Winning the War of 1812
➡️ Helping women gain recognition as "persons" under Canadian law (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Establishing the RCMP
Question 109
Which First World War battle is remembered for its harsh conditions and heavy Canadian casualties?
○ Battle of York
➡️ Battle of Passchendaele (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Battle of Quebec
○ Battle of Chateauguay
Question 110
Why is the Battle of Passchendaele significant in Canadian history?
➡️ It demonstrated the courage and sacrifice of Canadian soldiers (✅ Correct Answer)
○ It created Confederation
○ It ended the First World War
○ It led to the creation of Manitoba
Question 111
What was the Battle of the Atlantic?
➡️ A naval campaign during the Second World War (✅ Correct Answer)
○ A battle during the War of 1812
○ A conflict between France and Britain in Quebec
○ A battle during Confederation
Question 112
Why was the Battle of the Atlantic important?
➡️ It helped protect supply routes between North America and Europe (✅ Correct Answer)
○ It established the RCMP
○ It created Alberta and Saskatchewan
○ It ended the Great Depression
Question 113
In what year did Newfoundland join Canada?
○ 1867
○ 1905
➡️ 1949 (✅ Correct Answer)
○ 1982
Question 114
Which province was the last to join Confederation?
○ British Columbia
○ Manitoba
➡️ Newfoundland and Labrador (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Saskatchewan
Question 115
What event marked the completion of Canada's expansion from coast to coast?
➡️ The Last Spike ceremony in 1885 (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Confederation in 1867
○ The War of 1812
○ The Quebec Act
Question 116
Which of the following is considered one of Canada's most important achievements in women's rights?
○ The Battle of Vimy Ridge
➡️ The Persons Case led by the Famous Five (✅ Correct Answer)
○ The Last Spike
○ The Quebec Act
Question 117
Which Canadian province is most closely associated with Acadian culture today?
○ Alberta
➡️ New Brunswick (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Manitoba
○ British Columbia
Question 118
Which military conflict helped establish Canada's reputation for bravery during the First World War?
➡️ Battle of Passchendaele and Vimy Ridge (✅ Correct Answer)
○ War of 1812 and D-Day
○ Battle of Quebec and Confederation
○ Red River Resistance and Vimy Ridge
Question 119
Which event helped strengthen Canada's role as a nation after the Second World War?
○ Joining the United States
➡️ Participation in the Battle of the Atlantic and D-Day (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Abolishing Confederation
○ Ending immigration
Question 120
Which statement best completes Chapter 3 – Canada's History?
➡️ Canada's history includes Acadian heritage, Confederation, westward expansion, world wars, women's rights, and the growth of a modern nation (✅ Correct Answer)
○ Canada's history began in 1949
○ Canada's history is based only on military events
○ Canada's history is based only on European settlement